Polyamidoamine with a hyper-branched structure grafted on modified magnetic graphene oxide for the trace separation of diclofenac and acetaminophen followed by high-performance liquid chromatography determination.

Different generations of polyamidoamine dendrimers were synthesized on a focal core of magnetic graphene oxide modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. After the characterization of synthesized dendrimers, its second generation was employed as a suitable sorbent for simultaneous separation/preconcentration of diclofenac and acetaminophen by a dispersive magnetic solid phase microextraction. The extracted analytes were then quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection were 0.3 µg/L for diclofenac and 0.1 µg/L for acetaminophen. The intra-day relative standard deviations at 50 µg L-1 levels were 1.8% for diclofenac and 2.1% for acetaminophen, while the inter-day relative standard deviations were 3.6% and 4.5% for diclofenac and acetaminophen, respectively. The calibration graphs were linear in ranges of 1.0-500.0 µg/L and 0.5-600.0 µg/L for diclofenac and acetaminophen, respectively, with good coefficients of determination (r2 > 0.998). The method was successfully applied to the determination of diclofenac and acetaminophen in water, milk, and biological samples.

Polyacrylic Acid Nanoplatforms: Antimicrobial, Tissue Engineering, and Cancer Theranostic Applications.

Polyacrylic acid (PAA) is a non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymer that gained lots of interest in recent years. PAA nano-derivatives can be obtained by chemical modification of carboxyl groups with superior chemical properties in comparison to unmodified PAA. For example, nano-particles produced from PAA derivatives can be used to deliver drugs due to their stability and biocompatibility. PAA and its nanoconjugates could also be regarded as stimuli-responsive platforms that make them ideal for drug delivery and antimicrobial applications. These properties make PAA a good candidate for conventional and novel drug carrier systems. Here, we started with synthesis approaches, structure characteristics, and other architectures of PAA nanoplatforms. Then, different conjugations of PAA/nanostructures and their potential in various fields of nanomedicine such as antimicrobial, anticancer, imaging, biosensor, and tissue engineering were discussed. Finally, biocompatibility and challenges of PAA nanoplatforms were highlighted. This review will provide fundamental knowledge and current information connected to the PAA nanoplatforms and their applications in biological fields for a broad audience of researchers, engineers, and newcomers. In this light, PAA nanoplatforms could have great potential for the research and development of new nano vaccines and nano drugs in the future.

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) plant gum: From biological applications to advanced nanomedicine.

Natural polymers are an efficient class of eco-friendly and biodegradable polymers, because they are readily available, come from natural sources, inexpensive and can be chemically modified with the correct reagents. Guar gum (GG) is a natural polymer with great potential to be used in pharmaceutical formulations due to its unique composition and lack of toxicity. GG can be designed to suit the needs of the biological and medical engineering sectors. In the development of innovative drug delivery systems, GG is commonly utilized as a rate-controlling excipient. In this review, different properties of GG including chemical composition, extraction methods and its usefulness in diabetes, cholesterol lowering, weight control, tablet formulations as well as its food application were discussed. The other purpose of this study is to evaluate potential use of GG and its derivatives for advanced nanomedicine such as drug delivery, tissue engineering and nanosensing. It should be noted that some applicable patents in medical area have also been included in the rest of this survey to extend knowledge about guar gum and its polymeric nature.

Preparation and Application of Nanostructure Ion-Imprinted Polymer for Selective Solid-Phase Extraction of Pb Ions in Water, Hair, and Food Samples.

In this research, nanostructure Pb(II) ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) was prepared by formation of 1,5-diphenylthiocarbazon (dithizone) complex. Polymerization was performed via bulk polymerization, with methacrylic acid as the functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linking monomer in the presence of ammonium persulfate as the initiator. To characterize the synthesized IIP, FTIR spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy were used. This polymer was used for selective preconcentration of ultra-trace amounts of Pb ions through the SPE method. The Pb ion concentration was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. In the optimization process, the effects of various factors, such as pH of the sample solution, type and concentration of eluent, equilibrium sorption and desorption times, and sample volume, were investigated. Under optimized conditions, the maximum sorbent capacity was 38.46 mg/g and the enrichment factor was 200. Linearity was within the range 1.0-320.0 ng/L, with good r(2) values. The LOD was 0.55 ng/L, and the intraday and interday RSD values (n = 7, 20 ng/L Pb ions) were 2.8 and 3.5%, respectively. This selective and sensitive proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of Pb in water, hair, and food samples, with high recoveries.